Cov txheej txheem txheej txheem ntawm cov khoom siv txias txias txawv teb chaws muaj keeb kwm ntau dua 100 xyoo, thiab tau muab faib ua plaub ntu.
Thawj theem (1838-1909)yog qhov kev tshawb fawb thiab sim ua theem tsim khoom. Nyob rau theem no, txoj kev tsim txoj kev xav thiab txias-tsim cov hlau tshawb fawb ua haujlwm tau maj mam dhau los. Nrog kev txhim kho sai ntawm kev lag luam tsheb thauj mus los, cov khaub thuas txias uas tsim los ntawm cov yob dome txheej txheem txheej txheem tsis tuaj yeem ua tau raws li cov neeg siv xav tau.
Theem thib ob (1910-1959)yog theem ntawmtxias yob txoj kev tshuabtsim thiab maj nrov nrov rau txheej txheem txheej txheem yob.
Theem peb (txij xyoo 1960 txog 1960)yog theem ntawm kev txhim kho sai ntawm yob tsim khoom.
Txoj kev txhim kho ntawm txawv teb chaws txias-tsim steel ntau lawm tuaj yeem suav nrog ntau yam:
1. Kev tsim khoom tseem nce ntxiv
Txij li xyoo 1960, kev tsim cov hlau txawv teb chaws txias tau nce sai. Qhov no yog qhov dav dav. Raws li kev txheeb cais ntawm cov hlau txias tsim nyob hauv ntau lub tebchaws nyob rau xyoo, cov khoom tsim los ntawm cov hlau txias thiab cov hlau uas tsim tawm muaj qhov ruaj khov ntawm qhov piv txwv, feem ntau yog 1.5: 100 txog 4: 100.
Nrog rau kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem txias tsim cov hlau, cov khoom lag luam tshwj xeeb thiab ntau yam txuas ntxiv mus, cov khoom lag luam zoo txuas ntxiv mus, thiab kev nthuav dav ntawm daim ntawv thov nthuav dav.
2. Kev tshawb fawb ua haujlwm tob dua
Kev tshawb fawb ua haujlwm ntawm txoj kev tsim txoj kev xav, tsim cov txheej txheem thiab tsim cov cuab yeej siv yog qhov tob hauv txawv teb chaws, thiab kev ua tiav ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb tau ua hauv kev tshawb fawb txog kev siv cov hlau txias txias.
Piv txwv li, yav dhau los Soviet Union thiab Tebchaws Meskas tau siv khoos phis tawj siv hluav taws xob los kawm txog lub zog thiab lub zog tsis nyob hauv qhov khoov txias thiab sib tham txog cov txheej txheem deformation nrog kev siv zog qis tshaj.
3. Cov txheej txheem tshiab tseem tshwm sim
Txij li cov txheej txheem txheej txheem ua tiav tau kawm tiav hauv Tebchaws Meskas xyoo 1910, tom qab ntau xyoo ntawm kev txhim kho thiab ua tiav, txheej txheem tsim tau dhau los ua neeg paub tab.
Cov neeg siv muaj ntau thiab ntau txoj cai nruj rau qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov hlau ua kom txias, thiab xav kom muaj kev sib txawv ntawm ntau yam thiab cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb, uas txhawb nqa kev txhim kho txuas ntxiv ntawm cov txheej txheem txheej txheem los hloov kho rau cov neeg siv khoom xav tau.
Hauv kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem tshuab yob thiab cov cuab yeej sib xws tsim tawm txawv teb chaws, antsug yob txoj kev tshuab nrog hom ntxig yog siv. Kev sib sau ua ke nrog kev hloov kho hauv nruab nrab ntawm txoj kev ua yob yog raug xa mus rau chav CTA (Lub Cuab Yeej Nruab Nrab Kho), thiab ncaj ntug tsim chav tsev.
4. Cov khoom lag luam ntau ntxiv mus ntxiv, thiab cov qauv khoom lag luam tau hloov kho tas li.
Nrog rau kev txhim kho cov hlau txias tsim thiab nthuav dav ntawm daim ntawv thov, ntau yam ntawm cov hlau txias tsim txuas ntxiv mus, cov qauv khoom tau hloov kho tas li, thiab cov qauv khoom tau maj mam txhim kho.
Nrog qhov tshwm sim tsis tu ncua ntawm cov thev naus laus zis tshiab, thaj tsam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nplua nuj thiab cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb tau nthuav dav. Muaj ntau dua 10,000 qhov txias txias ua hlau ntau yam thiab cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb tsim tawm txawv teb chaws.